Dynamic Universe model is a singularity free
tensor based math model. The tensors used are linear without using any
differential or integral equations. Only one calculated output set of values
exists. Data means properties of each
point mass like its three dimensional coordinates, velocities, accelerations
and it’s mass. Newtonian two-body problem used differential equations.
Einstein’s general relativity used tensors, which in turn unwrap into
differential equations. Dynamic Universe Model uses tensors that give simple
equations with inter-dependencies. Differential equations will not give unique
solutions. Whereas Dynamic Universe Model gives a unique solution of positions,
velocities and accelerations; for each point mass in the system for every
instant of time. This new method of Mathematics in Dynamic Universe Model is
different from all earlier methods of solving general N-body problem.
This universe exists now in the present
state, it existed earlier, and it will continue to exist in future also in a
similar way. All physical laws will work at any time and at any place.
Evidences for the three dimensional rotations or the dynamism of the universe
can be seen in the streaming motions of local group and local cluster. Here in
this dynamic universe, both the red shifted and blue shifted Galaxies co-exist
simultaneously.
In this Dynamic Universe Model, different
sets of point masses were taken at different 3 dimensional positions at
different distances. These masses were allowed to move according to the universal
gravitation force (UGF) acting on each mass at that instant of time at its
position. In other words each point mass is under the continuous and Dynamical
influence of all the other masses. For any N-body problem calculations, the
more accurate our input data the better will be the calculated results; one should
take extreme care, while collecting the input data. One may think that ‘these
are simulations of the Universe, taking 133 bodies is too less.’ But all these
masses are not same, some are star masses, some are Galaxy masses some clusters
of Galaxies situated at their appropriate distances. All these positions are
for their gravitational centres. The results of these simulation calculations
are taken here.
Here
in these simulations the universe is assumed to be heterogeneous and
anisotropic. From the output data graphs and pictures are formed from this
Model. These pictures show from the
random starting points to final stabilized orbits of the point masses
involved. Because of this dynamism
built in the model, the universe does not collapse into a lump (due to
Newtonian gravitational static forces). This Model depicts the three
dimensional orbit formations of involved masses or celestial bodies like in our
present universe. From the resulting graphs one can see the orbit formations of
the point masses, which were positioned randomly at the start. An orbit
formation means that some Galaxies are coming near (Blue shifted) and some are
going away (Red shifted) relative to an observer’s viewpoint.
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
I.
The
first Redshifted Quasar 3C273:
The author Schmidt in 1963 published the first paper on a
quasar declaring it as red shifted [1]. He
said:
“Spectra
of the star were taken with the prime-focus spectrograph at the 200-in.
telescope with dispersions of 400 and 190 Å per mm. They show a number of broad
emission features on a rather blue
continuum. The most prominent features, which have widths around 50 Å, are,
in order of strength, at 5632, 3239, 5792, 5032 Å. These and other weaker
emission bands are listed in the first column of Table 1.”
He
concluded that this quasi stellar object now well known as Quasar. It is the
nuclear region of a galaxy with a cosmological red-shift of 0.158,
corresponding to an apparent velocity of 47,400 km/sec. The distance would be
around 500 megaparsecs, and the diameter of the nuclear region would have to be
less than 1 kiloparsec.
II.
The
first Redshifted Quasar 3C273 is that Blue shifted?
The Table 1 shown below
embeds the table 1 of Dr Schmidt in the first 4 columns. The remaining columns
show how the quasar is blue shifted for the same wavelengths. I.e., the same
wave lengths of his observations were used in this paper to show this same
quasar 3C273 is Blue shifted. To support further on this, the spectrum
observations made by other three more authors were also discussed in this
paper. The checking of the first Redshifted Quasar 3C273 for a possibility of
blue shift was tried mainly because of the observation of Dr. Schmidt saying
this Quasars 3C273’s spectrum is in the “blue
continuum” [1]. The Quasars are known for some of the irregularities in the
spectrum like some spectral lines match exactly with the some elemental lines
with some blue / redshift ratio while some other prominent lines don’t match
for the same ratio.
Basically many astronomers in their published papers said
that sodium line, Carbon line CIV etc., are blue shifts other lines. There are
observed variation in quasars in the lines w.r.t other lines in the known spectrums.
If the quasars are taken as blue shifted such variation will be very very less
or even cease to exist. To explain such
phenomenon Bigbang based cosmologists take the help of million light years length
of sodium with a velocity of jet at 50000000 meters / second in the case of this 3C273. How such length of sodium can exist I don’t
know.
Many of these
papers talk about such blue shifts. These references can be found at ADS
[2,3]. For this, go to ADS search page
try searching title and abstract with keywords “Blue shifted quasars”. If you
search with “and’s i.e., ‘Blue and Shifted and Galaxies” [use “and” option not
with “or “option] you will find 248 papers in ADS search. I did not go through
all of them. Some of the papers will be discussed here later in this paper.
In the Table 1, in addition to the
original values given by Dr. M. Schmidt, four new columns were added. These
columns show the possible blue shift of ‘(-0.143122)’
of the Quasar 3C273 and the resulting wavelengths after the blue shift. SDSS
website gives different possible wavelengths in angstrom units in
their webpage on ‘Algorithms - Emission and absorption line fitting’ [4]. These wavelengths were chosen as they will be
more authentic and accurate. Please note
there are some slight differences in the numerical values in wavelengths as
given by Schmidt and SDSS webpage.
Table 1. Wave-lengths and Identifications as given by Dr. M.
Schmidt
|
Table 1: Observations in this paper
|
| l |
l/1.158 |
l0 |
|
l / 0.856878
|
|
l0 from SDSS
|
|
| 3239 |
2797 |
2798 |
Mg II |
3780.00
|
H_theta+19
|
3799
|
|
| 4595 |
3968 |
3970 |
Hg |
5362.49
|
Mg+186
|
5177
|
Note 1
|
| 4753 |
4104 |
4102 |
H d |
5546.88
|
Mg+370
|
5177
|
Note 1
|
| 5032 |
4345 |
4340 |
H g |
5872.48
|
Na-23
|
5895
|
|
| 5200–5415 |
4490–4675 |
|
|
6068-6319
|
Na-OI
|
|
Note 2
|
| 5632 |
4864 |
4861 |
H b |
6572.70
|
H_alpha+8
|
6565
|
|
| 5792 |
5002 |
5007 |
[O III] |
6759.42
|
SII+27
|
6732
|
|
| 6005–6190 |
5186–5345 |
|
|
7008-7223
|
blue continuum
|
|
Note 3
|
| 6400–6510 |
5527–5622 |
|
|
7468-7597
|
blue continuum
|
|
Note 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note 1: Later
measurements of this QUASAR 3C273 at wavelengths 4595 and 4793 show dips or
flatter curves instead of peaks (absorption spectra instead of emission spectra).
1.
Dr. M. Schmidt’s paper “3C 273: A Star-like Object with Large
Red-shift”, published in Nature 197,
1040 (1963)
- http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PRE&qform=AST&arxiv_sel=astro-ph&arxiv_sel=cond-mat&arxiv_sel=cs&arxiv_sel=gr-qc&arxiv_sel=hep-ex&arxiv_sel=hep-lat&arxiv_sel=hep-ph&arxiv_sel=hep-th&arxiv_sel=math&arxiv_sel=math-ph&arxiv_sel=nlin&arxiv_sel=nucl-ex&arxiv_sel=nucl-th&arxiv_sel=physics&arxiv_sel=quant-ph&arxiv_sel=q-bio&sim_query=YES&ned_query=YES&adsobj_query=YES&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=AND&title=blue+shifted+quasars&txt_logic=AND&text=blue+shifted+quasars&nr_to_return=200&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1
- http://vaksdynamicuniversemodel.blogspot.in/2012/05/blue-shifted-quasars-in-ads.html
- Algorithms - Emission and
absorption line fitting of SDSS http://www.sdss.org/dr7/algorithms/speclinefits.html
=======================
=======================
=======================
Dynamic Universe model is a singularity free
tensor based math model. The tensors used are linear without using any
differential or integral equations. Only one calculated output set of values
exists. Data means properties of each
point mass like its three dimensional coordinates, velocities, accelerations
and it’s mass. Newtonian two-body problem used differential equations.
Einstein’s general relativity used tensors, which in turn unwrap into
differential equations. Dynamic Universe Model uses tensors that give simple
equations with inter-dependencies. Differential equations will not give unique
solutions. Whereas Dynamic Universe Model gives a unique solution of positions,
velocities and accelerations; for each point mass in the system for every
instant of time. This new method of Mathematics in Dynamic Universe Model is
different from all earlier methods of solving general N-body problem.
This universe exists now in the present
state, it existed earlier, and it will continue to exist in future also in a
similar way. All physical laws will work at any time and at any place.
Evidences for the three dimensional rotations or the dynamism of the universe
can be seen in the streaming motions of local group and local cluster. Here in
this dynamic universe, both the red shifted and blue shifted Galaxies co-exist
simultaneously.
In this Dynamic Universe Model, different
sets of point masses were taken at different 3 dimensional positions at
different distances. These masses were allowed to move according to the universal
gravitation force (UGF) acting on each mass at that instant of time at its
position. In other words each point mass is under the continuous and Dynamical
influence of all the other masses. For any N-body problem calculations, the
more accurate our input data the better will be the calculated results; one should
take extreme care, while collecting the input data. One may think that ‘these
are simulations of the Universe, taking 133 bodies is too less.’ But all these
masses are not same, some are star masses, some are Galaxy masses some clusters
of Galaxies situated at their appropriate distances. All these positions are
for their gravitational centres. The results of these simulation calculations
are taken here.
Here
in these simulations the universe is assumed to be heterogeneous and
anisotropic. From the output data graphs and pictures are formed from this
Model. These pictures show from the
random starting points to final stabilized orbits of the point masses
involved. Because of this dynamism
built in the model, the universe does not collapse into a lump (due to
Newtonian gravitational static forces). This Model depicts the three
dimensional orbit formations of involved masses or celestial bodies like in our
present universe. From the resulting graphs one can see the orbit formations of
the point masses, which were positioned randomly at the start. An orbit
formation means that some Galaxies are coming near (Blue shifted) and some are
going away (Red shifted) relative to an observer’s viewpoint.
