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A new discovery
of gravitational waves has black holes in a spin, 2 June 2017, The Conversation, by Bailes, Thrane, and Lasky
The Authors of this article do not
understand the theory they employ.
(1) “As was the case
with the first two detections the waves were generated when two
massive black holes merged to form a larger one.” Bailes,
Thrane & Lasky
The theory of black holes is a
mathematical theory, extracted from the mathematical Theory of General
Relativity. A black hole is itself a universe, by mathematical construction:
its spacetime is infinite and asymptotically flat. Without infinite
spacetime and the asymptotically flat condition no black hole equations can
be obtained for the purposes of the Authors and LIGO. There are forces in
General Relativity but gravity is not one of them, because it is spacetime
curvature. At the black hole singularity, volume is ‘zero’, density
is ‘infinite’, and spacetime curvature is ‘infinite’ (hence gravity is
infinite). But no physical object has zero volume, infinite density, and
infinite gravity, anywhere. Now consider just two black holes. Each of
their spacetimes is infinite and asymptotically flat by mathematical
construction. But then each black hole encounters infinite spacetime
curvature at the singularity of the other black hole, and so neither of
their spacetimes is asymptotically flat, in direct violation of the
mathematical construction defining the black hole in the first place. Next
consider any number of black holes – none of them are asymptotically
anything because every one of them encounters infinite spacetime curvature
at the singularity of every other. The notion of multiple black holes
violates the very definition of the black hole. And a black hole, being a
one mass universe, bears no relation to reality, notwithstanding its
impossible character of zero volume, infinite density and infinite gravity
at its singularity. Newton’s theory of gravity places no restriction on the
number of masses that can be present. It is incorrect to assert multiple
black holes by a false analogy with Newton’s theory. Moreover, there
is no known energy-momentum tensor for two or more masses in Einstein’s
field equations, let alone a solution to his field equations for two or
more masses, and there is no existence theorem by which it can even be
asserted that General Relativity is capable of dealing with more than one
mass. For this reason, General Relativity cannot account for the simple
experimental fact that two fixed suspended masses approach one another upon
release (e.g. the experiments of H. Cavendish). Since gravity is not
a force in General Relativity, it cannot account for the behaviour of a
grocer’s spring balance for weighing a bag of spuds. Springs are stretched,
or compressed, by a force, in accordance with Hooke’s Law: F = kx where F
is the applied force, k is the spring’s force constant, and x is the
stretch (or compression) of the spring due to the applied force F.
Spacetime curvature cannot stretch a spring because it is not a force.
The black holes the Authors and LIGO
assert are allegedly contained within a big bang universe. There are in
all, 3 types of big bang universe according to Einstein’s theory, by means
of their k-curvature values: (i) k = -1: this is a spatially infinite
universe with negative curvature; (ii) k = 0: this is a spatially infinite
universe that is flat; (iii) k = 1: this is a spatially finite universe
with positive curvature. All big bang universes are expanding and have a
finite age (~13.8 billion years). However, no black hole universe is expanding,
no black hole universe possesses a k-curvature, no black hole universe
contains more than one mass (only the black hole itself), no black hole
universe can fit inside a spatially finite big bang universe because all
black hole universes are spatially infinite, no black hole universe can
exist in a big bang universe because the black hole universe is eternal (it
has neither a beginning in time nor an end in time).
General Relativity is a nonlinear
theory. This means that the Principle of Superposition does not hold. In
other words, if X is some black hole universe and Y is another black hole
universe, and Z is some big bang universe, then X+X is not a universe, X+Y
is not a universe, X+Z is not a universe, X+Y+Z is not a universe, Z+Z is
not a universe, etc. To obtain multiple black holes within some big bang
universe, the Authors and LIGO simply superpose, in direct violation of the
mathematical form of Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.
(2) “The gravitational waves are
detected by fitting one of a large number of theoretical “templates” to the
data. These templates model how the detectors will react to the passing
waves from different mass black holes.” Bailes, Thrane & Lasky
The actual number of templates in
the LIGO database is 250,000. All of these are constructed by incorrectly
assuming multiple black holes, and then applying to them different
parameters such as mass, speed, rotation, etc. None of these templates have
any physical meaning because they are built upon false hypotheses. LIGO
first detects a generic ‘signal’. Its massive computer power then
goes to work to find a line of best fit to this alleged signal by
comparison with its database of mathematically produced patterns. The line
of best fit so obtained is then purported to identify a physical occurrence
– in this case as with the past two, two black holes merging to form one
black hole, with emission of gravitational waves. With such a large set of
arbitrary templates and such computing power, it is possible to find a line
of best fit for any pattern of disturbance, even for Whistler’s
Mother. There is no upper limit on the number of template patterns
that can be arbitrary manufactured and included in the template databases.
No doubt the LIGO Team will augment their database with evermore patterns,
as is their wont in general.
Einstein’s gravitational waves are
alleged by cosmologists to propagate at the speed of light. However, this
is demonstrably false. The speed of propagation first involves the
derivation of a wave equation. This wave equation is not extracted from the
equations for a black hole or for a big bang universe, or even from
Einstein’s nonlinear field equations. It is extracted from what is called
the linearised field equations. The wave equation so obtained produces
propagation speed at that of light in vacuum. However, the speed of
propagation is entirely coordinate dependent. Any propagation speed can be
obtained by merely choosing a different set of mathematical coordinates.
Einstein simply assumed that his waves exist and that they travel at the
speed of light. He then linearised his field equations and used a set of
coordinates to obtain a wave equation that produced his assumed speed of
propagation, and pronounced that he had derived this speed. His argument is
a vicious circle and therefore false. He assumed as a premise that which he
sought to prove. This logical fallacy is called petitio principii, and is
very common in cosmology.
(3) “With a combination of
relativistic velocities, huge magnetic fields and densities beyond that of
an atomic nucleus, neutron stars are expected to emit gravitational waves
of sufficient amplitude to be detectable by Advanced LIGO.” Susan Scott
“Neutron stars tell their
stories continuously by emitting gravitational waves.” Lilli Sun
“The most exciting thing about
the future of gravitational waves is using detectors limited only by
quantum mechanics to measure the composition of neutron stars” David
Ottaway
First, gravitational waves and
black holes do not exist. Second, there is no such thing as a neutron star.
The Sun and stars are said to be balls of hot gaseous plasma. However, the
thermal emission profiles of the Sun and stars attest unambiguously that
they are in fact condensed matter. The different star types are due to
difference in lattice structure. Here is a recent series of lectures by
Professor Pierre-Marie Robitaille on the constitution of the Sun and stars:
* History of the Gaseous Sun
* Is the sun a Gas? The Standard
Model Explained!
* What is Occam’s Razor? (Law of
Parsimony)
* Does the Sun have a Surface?
Transverse Waves, Helioseismology, CMEs, X-Rays and Flares!
* The 0th Law of Thermodynamics
* Stewart’s Law (of thermal
emisson)
* The Structure of Liquid Water
(and its implications for cosmology),
(4) “One of
the most exciting possibilities of gravitational wave astronomy is the
detection of gravitational waves from the very early universe almost
immediately after the Big Bang!” Letizia Sammut
Big bang cosmology requires the
validity of Kirchhoff’s Law of Thermal emission and universality of
Planck’s equation for thermal spectra. However, Kirchhoff’s Law of Thermal
Emission is false, and, consequently, Planck’s equation for thermal spectra
is not universal; explained in this paper:
Robitaille,
P.-M., Crothers, S. J., “The Theory of Heat Radiation” Revisited: A
Commentary on the Validity of Kirchhoff’s Law of Thermal Emission and Max
Planck’s Claim of Universality, Progress in Physics, v. 11,
p.120-132, (2015),
Big bang cosmology is false because
Kirchhoff’s Law of Thermal Emission is false.
(5) Readers interested in the
scientific facts concerning black holes and expanding universes, but
without the mathematics, can begin with the following:
* Crothers, S. J., A Nobel Laureate Talking Nonsense:
Brian Schmidt, a Case Study,
* Crothers, S.J., LIGO at the
University of Queensland,
* Crothers, S.J., Australian
Education System Broken,
* Crothers, S.J., Cosmology in the
Dreamtime at the University of Sydney,
Readers of a mathematical bent can
begin here:
* Crothers, S.J., A
Critical Analysis of LIGO's Recent Detection of Gravitational Waves Caused
by Merging Black Holes, Hadronic Journal, n.3, Vol. 39, 2016,
pp.271-302, http://vixra.org/pdf/1603.0127v4.pdf
* Crothers, S.J., Relativistic
Cosmology and Einstein’s ‘Gravitational Waves’,
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