Blue shifted
Galaxies in Expanding Universe
SNP.Gupta
Retd AGM, Bhilai Steel Plant,
Res 1B / Street 57 / Sector 8 / Bhilai 490008
snp.gupta@gmail.com
Abstract
Dynamic Universe model is based
on hard observed facts and does NOT depend on speculation. In this paper the
simulations predicted the existence of the large number of Blue shifted
Galaxies, in an expanding universe, in 2004 itself. It was confirmed by by
Hubble Space Teliscope (HST) observations in the year 2009. This prediction
process is clearly shown the output pictures formed from this Model from old
and new simulations. These pictures depict the three dimensional orbit
formations. An orbit formation means some Galaxies are coming near (Blue
shifted) and some are going away (Red shifted). This paper goes on two main
lines. First is the main line of thinking, to show mathematically that there
will be lots and lots of blue shifted Galaxies mathematically. To support this
concept the question what are the possible blue shifted Galaxies is answered
further. We find that quasars are blue shifted galaxies. The second line of
thinking goes with this finding, that the Quasars are blue shifted galaxies. Forrest
Noble (Pan Theory) in his foreword said “over 7,000 blue shifted galaxies have
been discovered extending beyond the Local Group, first predicted by Mr.Gupta.
Now you can find 35% of total Galaxies are blue shifted
1.
Introduction:
These simulations predicted the
existence of the large number of Blueshifted Galaxies in 2004, ie., more than
about 35 ~ 40 Blueshifted Galaxies known at the time of Astronomer Edwin Hubble
in 1930s. The far greater numbers of Blueshifted galaxies was confirmed by the
Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations in the year 2009. Today the known
number of Blue shifted Galaxies is more than 7000 scattered all over the sky
and the number is increasing day by day. In addition Quasars, UV Galaxies, X-ray,
γ- Ray sources and other Blue Galaxies etc., are also Blue shifted Galaxies.
Out of a 930,000 Galaxy spectra in the SDSS database, 40% are images for
Galaxies; that gives to 558,000 Galaxies. There are 120,000 Quasars, 50,000
brotherhood(X-ray, γ-ray, Blue Galaxies etc.,) of quasars, 7000 blue shifted
galaxies. That is more than 31.7% of available Galaxy count are Blue shifted.
Just to support Bigbang theory, we are neglecting such a huge amount Blue
shifted Galaxies. It appears to be a Godly Devotion to Bigbang cosmologies! This
was published as the fourth book in the series on Dynamic Universe Model: SITA.
In the original paper in 2004[1],
there are simulations of the Universe. Here in these simulations the universe
is assumed to be heterogeneous and anisotropic. This prediction process was
clearly shown in the output data and pictures formed from this Model. These pictures show from the random starting
points to final stabilized orbits of the point masses involved. Because of this dynamism built in the model,
the universe does not collapse into a lump (due to Newtonian gravitational
static forces). This Model depicts the three dimensional orbit formations of
involved masses or celestial bodies like in our present universe. From the
resulting graphs one can see the orbit formations of the point masses, which
were positioned randomly at the start. An orbit formation means that some
Galaxies are coming near (Blue shifted) and some are going away (Red shifted)
relative to an observer’s viewpoint.
New simulations were conducted
about a month before these writings. The resulting data graphs of these
simulations with different kinds of input data are shown in this paper in the
later parts.
In all these simulations, all
point masses will have different distances, masses.
- Simulation 1: All point masses
are Galaxies
- Simulation 2: All point masses
are Globular Clusters
- Simulation 3: Globular Clusters
34 Galaxies 33 aggregates 33 conglomerations 33
- Simulation 4: Small star
systems 10 Globular Clusters 100 Galaxies 8 aggregates 8 conglomerations 7
The problem with such simulations
is the overwhelmingly large amounts of data. Each simulation gives 3
dimensional vector data of accelerations, velocities, positions for every point
mass in every iteration in addition to many types of derived data. A minimum of
133 x 18 data of 16 decimal digits for each iteration. It is data and data everywhere. It is a huge
data mine indeed.
One has to use graphs for
visualizing such vast amounts of data. Again the question comes, which data to
choose for showing in the graphs? Is it starting? Running? End of iteration?
All bodies?Some groups? Single body? Selected bodies? Positions? Velocities?
Accelerations? JPEG?GIF? Normal scales? Logarithmic Scales? Thirteen new graphs
are being prepared for every iteration for positions.
From all the graphs, I usually
handpick some graphs for showing the results.
I don’t know what data to be
included as additional files, so I did not include any. I could be directly
contacted for any of the data files, should anyone require them.
Hence we may conclude:
The actual ratio of Red shifted
to Blue shifted Galaxies will depend on
1. Universal Gravitational Force
acting on each Galaxy at that instant of time,
2. The position of the observer in
the Universe
3. The actual point mass
distribution in the universe in three dimensions at that instant of time. This
ratio can never be 50:50.
Newtonian two-body problem used
differential equations. Einstein’s general relativity used tensors, which in turn
unwrap into differential equations. Dynamic Universe Model uses tensors that
give simple equations with interdependencies. Differential equations will not
give unique solutions. Whereas Dynamic Universe Model gives a unique solution
of positions, velocities and accelerations; for each point mass in the system
for every instant of time. This new method of Mathematics in Dynamic Universe
Model is different from all earlier methods of solving general N-body problem.
This universe exists now in the
present state, it existed earlier, and it will continue to exist in future also
in a similar way. All physical laws will work at any time and at any place.
Evidences for the three dimensional rotations or the dynamism of the universe
can be seen in the streaming motions of local group and local cluster. Here in
this dynamic universe, both the red shifted and blue shifted Galaxies co-exist
simultaneously.
A point to be noted here is that
the Dynamic Universe Model never reduces to General relativity on any condition.
It uses a different type of mathematics based on Newtonian physics. This
mathematics used here is simple and straightforward. As there are no
differential equations present in Dynamic Universe Model, the set of equations
give single solution in x y z Cartesian coordinates for every point mass for
every time step. All the mathematics and the Excel based software details are
explained in the three books published by the author[14, 15, 16] In the first
book, the solution to N-body problem-called Dynamic Universe Model (SITA) is
presented; which is singularity-free, inter-body collision free and dynamically
stable. This is the Basic Theory of Dynamic Universe Model published in 2010 [14].
The second book in the series describes the SITA software in EXCEL emphasizing
the singularity free portions. It explains more than 21,000 different equations
(2011)[15]. The third book describes the SITA software in EXCEL in the
accompanying CD / DVD emphasizing mainly HANDS ON usage of a simplified version
in an easy way. The third book contains explanation for 3000 equations instead
of earlier 21000 (2011)[16].
SITA solution can be used in many
places like presently unsolved applications like Pioneer anomaly at the Solar
system level, Missing mass due to Star circular velocities and Galaxy disk
formation at Galaxy level etc. Here we are using it for prediction of blue
shifted Galaxies.
Dynamic Universe model does
NOT depend on speculation. It is based on hard observed facts. I am writing
these sentences especially as cosmology is becoming more and more speculative
today.
