Our universe is not having a uniform mass distribution. Isotropy & homogeneity in mass distribution is not observable at any scale. We can see present day observations in ‘2dFGRS survey’ publications for detailed surveys and technical papers [1]. The universe is lumpy as you can see in the picture given here in wikipedia [2]. There are Great voids, of the order of 1 billion light years where nothing is seen and then there is the Sloan Great Wall, the largest known structure, a giant wall of galaxies. These two observations indicate that our Universe is lumpy. After seeing all these we can say that uniform density as prevalent in Bigbang based cosmologies is not a valid assumption. Hence in this paper we have taken the mass of moon as moon & Galaxy as Galaxy employing non uniform mass densities.
This universe is now in the present state, as existed earlier and will continue to exist in the same way. This is something like Hoyle’s Steady state model philosophy [7] but without creation of matter. PCP (Perfect Cosmological Principle) was not considered true here as in steady state universe. We need not assume any homogeneity and isotropy here at any point of time. Matter need not be created to keep the density constant. Here Bigbang like creation of matter is also not required. Blue shifted galaxies also exist along with red shifted ones. No dark energy and dark matter is required to explain physical phenomena here. Here in this model the present measured CMB is from stars, galaxies and other astronomical bodies. This Dynamic Universe Model is a closed universe model.
Our Universe is not empty. For example De Sitter’s universe model explains everything but his Universe has no matter in it [8]. It may not hold a sink to hold all the energy that is escaped from the universe at infinity.[ref Einstein] It is a finite and closed universe. Absolute Rest frame of reference is not necessary. The time and space coordinates can be chosen as required. Dynamic Universe Model is different from Fritz Zwicky’s tired light theory as light does not loose energy here [9]. Gravitational red shift is present here.
Dynamic Universe Model gives a daring new approach. It is different from Newtonian static model and Olber’s paradox [10]. Here masses don’t collapse due to self gravitation and even though the masses are finite in number, they balance with each other dynamically and expanding. There is no space-time continuum. Hawking and Penrose [11,12] (1969, 1996) in their singularity theorem said that ‘In an Isotropic and homogeneous expanding universe, there must be a Big bang singularity some time in the past according to General theory of relativity ’. Since Isotropy and Homogeneity is not an assumption in Dynamic Universe Model, singularity theorem is not applicable here and Hawking’s Imaginary time axis perpendicular to time axis is not required. No baby universes, Blackhole or wormhole singularity [13] is built in. No Bigbang singularity [14 ] as in Friedmann-Robertson-Walker models. JV Narlikars’ many mini Bigbangs are also not present here [15]. Also this Dynamic Universe Model is poles apart from, M-theory & String theories or any of the Unified field theories. The basic problem in all these models, including String theory [16] and M-theory [17] is that the matter density is significantly low and they push Bigbang singularity into some other dimensions.
There is a fundamental difference between galaxies / systems of galaxies and systems that normally use statistical mechanics, such as molecules in a box. The molecules repel each other but in gravitation we have not yet experienced any repulsive forces. Only attraction forces were seen in Newtonian and Bigbang based cosmologies. (See for ref: Binny and Tremaine 1987 [18]). But here in Dynamic Universe Model masses when distributed heterogeneously experience repulsive forces as well as attractive forces due to the total resulting universal force acting on the particular mass. Einstein’s cosmological constant l[19] to introduce repulsive forces at large scales like inter galactic distances (as also in MOND), is not required here.
REFERENCES
2. See in Wikipedia “The Large scale structure of cosmos” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-scale_structure_of_the_cosmos
Biggest void in space is 1 billion light years across see http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12546
The Sloan Great Wall is a giant wall of galaxies, (a galactic filament). See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloan_Great_Wall
3. SNP.GUPTA, DYNAMIC UNIVERSE MODEL of cosmology and SITA (Simulation of Inter-intra-Galaxy Tautness and Attraction forces with variable time step). The simulations in above paper were changed to small time steps and were accepted in British Gravity Meeting, in UK. 15-18 Sept 2004 the international conference on gravitation.
4. SNP.GUPTA, “DYNAMIC UNIVERSE MODEL of cosmology: Missing mass in Galaxy” Presented at OMEG05 Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies, November 8-11, 2005 at Koshiba Hall, University of Tokyo, Tokyo
5. A copy of my earlier paper was kept here on the link below…
Some questions raised by Baut forum can be seen here in this link…
6. SNP.GUPTA, “DYNAMIC UNIVERSE MODEL of cosmology: Missing mass in Galaxy” Presented in 7th Astronomical conf by HEL.A.S,. Kefallinia, Greece 8-11,Sept, 2005.
Some questions raised by the Baut forum can be seen in this link…
7. Hoyle, F, On the Cosmological Problem, 1949MNRAS.109..365H.
8. W. de Sitter, On Einstein's theory of gravitation and its astronomical consequences, 1916MNRAS..77..155D
9. Zwicky, F. 1929. On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines through Interstellar Space. PNAS 15:773-779. Abstract (ADS) Full article (PDF).
11. S.W. Hawking, Singularities in collapsing stars and Expanding Universes with Dennis William Sciama, Comments on Astrophysics and space Physics Vol 1#1, 1969, MNRAS 142, 129, (1969).
12. Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose, ‘The Nature of space and time’, Princeton University press, 1996.
13. -Einstein, A. 1916, “The foundation of General theory of relativity ”, Methuen and company, 1923, Reprinted, Dover publications, 1952, New York, USA.
-Einstein, A. 1911, “On the influence of Gravitation on the propagation of light”, Methuen and company, 1923, Reprinted, Dover publications, 1952, New York, USA.
14. A. G. Walker, On Milines theory of World Structure, 1937, Volume s2-42, Number 1, pp 90-127
H.P. Robertson, Kinematics and world Structure III , The Astrophysical Journal, May 1936, vol 83 pp 257.
15. JVNarlikar, Mini-bangs in Cosmology and astrophysics, Pramana ( Springer India), Vol 2, No.3, 1974, pp-158-170
16. String theory M. J. Duff, James T. Liu, and R Minasian , Eleven dimensional origin of STRING / string duality.: arXiv:hep-th/9506126v2
17. A. Miemiec, I. Schnakenburg : Basics of M-theory; Fortsch.Phys. 54(2006) Page 5-72 and preprints at arXiv:hep-th/0509137v2, Sept 2005
18. James Binny and Scott Tremaine : Text book ‘Galactic Dynamics’ 1987
19. Einstein, A. 1917, “Cosmological considerations of General theory of relativity ”, Methuen and company, 1923, Reprinted, Dover publications, 1952, New York, USA.
20. S.N.P. Gupta, ‘Absolute Rest frame of reference is not necessary’, presented in Symposium on Early Universe SEU, Dec 20-22; 1994, IIT, Madras, India, Proceedings Page 54.
28 Pioneer Anomaly :John D. Anderson, Philip A. Laing, Eunice L. Lau, Anthony S. Liu, Michael Martin Nieto, Slava G. Turyshev (1998). "Indication, from Pioneer 10/11, Galileo, and Ulysses Data, of an Apparent Anomalous, Weak, Long-Range Acceleration". Phys. Rev. Lett. 81: 2858–2861. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.2858. http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v81/i14/p2858_1. (preprint) arXiv:gr-qc/9808081
29 For new Horizons satellite details please see: http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/index.php. Ephemeris from Jet propulsion lab http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi#top. Starting data given at http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi#top . The website [ http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi#results gives output as in Table 4.
30 SNP.Gupta (The following results were publicized by me in the earlier seminars / conferences.) ‘Absolute Rest frame of reference is not necessary’, presented in Symposium on Early Universe SEU, Dec 20-22; 1994, IIT, Madras, India, Proceedings Page 54. MULTIPLE BENDING OF LIGHT RAY IN OUR DYNAMIC UNIVERSE; A COMPUTER SIMULATION. Gr15: 15th international conference on gravitational conference on gravitation and relativity, pune, India. 16-21 DEC 1995\7. P116; a6.32 (1997),; SNP. GUPTA, and ’ presented in SIGRAV, 18-22 September 2000 , Italy; Edited by R. Cianci, R. Collina, M. Francaviglia, and P. Fré (Eds) in Book “Recent Developments in General relativity Genoa 2000” published by Springer- Verlag Italia, Milano 2002, Page 389. On DYNAMIC UNIVERSE MODEL of cosmology and SITA (Simulation of Inter-intra-Galaxy Tautness and Attraction forces with variable time step). The simulations in above paper were changed to small time steps and were accepted in British Gravity Meeting, in UK. 15-18 Sept 2004 the international conference on gravitation. SNP.GUPTA, DYNAMIC UNIVERSE MODEL of cosmology and SITA (Simulation of Inter-intra-Galaxy Tautness and Attraction forces with higher time step). This paper was formally presented in GR17; The 17th international conference on gravitation and relativity, in Dublin, Ireland, 18-24 July 2004. And on DYNAMIC UNIVERSE MODEL of cosmology and SITA again Presented in ICR 2005 (International Conference on Relativity) , at Amravati University , India, Jan 11- 14, 2005 . On Missing mass , “DYNAMIC UNIVERSE MODEL of cosmology: Missing mass in Galaxy” Presented at OMEG05 Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies, November 8-11, 2005 at Koshiba Hall, University of Tokyo, Tokyo . also in “Missing mass in Galaxy using regression analysis in DYNAMIC UNIVERSE MODEL of cosmology” Presented at PHYSTAT05 Conference on 'Statistical Problems in Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology'’ held in Oxford, UK on Sept 12th to 15th, 2005. And “DYNAMIC UNIVERSE MODEL of cosmology: Missing mass in Galaxy” Presented in 7th Astronomical conf by HEL.A.S,. Kefallinia, Greece 8-11,Sept, 2005. Copies of my earlier papers were kept here on the links below… http://members.wap.org/kevin.parker/Densemass/VakPioneerAnom.doc and http://members.wap.org/kevin.parker/Densemass/VDUMOC%20kp%20.doc
32 Ref Book ‘Celestial mechanics: the waltz of the planets’ By Alessandra Celletti, Ettore Perozzi, page 27.
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